13. Toward the 21st Century

13.1 Foreign Affairs
In foreign policy, president Reagan sought a more assertive role for the nation, and Central America provided an early test. The US provided El Salvador with a program of economic and military training, when a guerilla threatened its government. US support helped to stabilize the conditions, but the level of violence remained undiminished and actually increased in 1989. a peace agreement was reached in 1992.

13.2 US – Soviet Relations

In relations with the Soviet Union, declared so-called peace through strength policy, rooted in the cold war tradition.

13.3 Space Shuttle

In the year 1981, the US launched the space shuttle Colombia – the first reusable manned spacecraft.

14. Creating a new Civilization

14.1 American modern civilization
American modernism, as a principle of getting over the frontier in America, is a permanent mechanism of switching on her ideas and acts. The basis for the frame of American civilization is the idea of getting over individual and group frontier of human abilities. In the beginning of American society there was a seeking for personal, political, and religious freedom, with the possibility to get a economic opportunity. America formed as a status of human mind.

The basic civilization bases of America are the equality of opportunities, law’s government, American Constitution, citizen’s and personal freedoms, weight of an individual, etc. Another border of getting over the frontier are also this expressions – American dream, American character, the way of life, language, The Frontier. A value chart was build emphasizing pragmatism, living out one’s dreams, belief in God and one’s abilities. This expressions in action helped to form America to its todays face.

14.2 Euroatlantic metropolitan Civilization
The springing point in forming the USA was the concentration into metropolitan areas. The city seemed to be a symbol of reached dreams, plans and seekings. In the USA, by 1930 more than a half of people lived in metropolitan cities, in the area of 30 – 70 km round the city, whose population was larger than 100 000. The building of cities and their never-ending rise of population made the original balance between the urbanized and rural population. Free undertaking enabled the rise of individual personality, but also the establishment of natural monopolies and competitive surrounding with monopolistic contents.
An individual felt very lonely in this world, anonymous in an anonymous city.
The cities had also enabled the establishment of a new social group – bureaucracy and a new word – bureaucratic. This social class helped to feel a person more unimportant and unuseful.

14.3 Introduction into postmodernism
Transatlantic civilisation had used all ways of development, known to that times. It was an end for teaching of human acting in economic interpretation of social relations as a reaction to dynamic free capitalism, dominating of thinking the era of past 200 years.
Postmodernism can be interpreted in 2 ways – either as a continuity of modernism or something completely new, influenced by horrors of 2. World War or September 11, 2001.