Typology of the Expressional Shifts

Constitutive Shift – this shift is objective, unavoidable, caused by the differences between linguistic code of the source text and the translation. It is rationalized by different linguistic and stylistic norm of the source and target language.
Individual Shift – is a shift of subjective character, which documents certain expressions of the individual abilities of the translator. It is an expression of translator`s idiolect. It comes out of interpretation of the source text and it is an expression of translator`s poeticism. There are two kinds of individual shift:
(a) simplification of expressional characters (non-adequate choice of the lexis, stereotyped way of the translator`s solutions, preffering recipient and sociable requirements).
(b) amplification in translation (preferring of multi-word expression instead of one-word, substitute of participles by subordinate clauses and commentaries).
Retardation Shift – prefers of the older expression in the target language. It deals with excessively archaistic stylistic shift.
Thematic Shift – rises on the level of thematic composition of the text, when work is considered to be the unity of a language and the theme. It is an expression between thematic facts, life and institutions of the original and translation, which arises from using different denotes.
Generic Shift – it is a kind of thematic shift. It deals with shift in the form of the work, for example poetry expressed by prose, the shortening of the given artwork.
Rhythmical Shift – it is a different rhythmic arrangement of the original and translation, for example the change in rhythmical system of the poem.
Negative Shift – it is an approach by non-adequate solution of the peculiarities of the original in translation. It arises in the consequences:
(a) linguistic incomprehension,
(b) incomprehension of the author`s interpretation of the reality and its presentation,
(c) neglecting of the integrity of the communication translating process.
It is shown in macro-structure of the text and it causes non-communicativeness in the reader`s reception.
From what was said above, it is clear, that only the last type of shift can be positively classified as a false performance or informative interference. The truth is that rarely accredited translation is found, where occasional mistake is not found. The value of these false performances is at best pragmatic, because translation that has a great number of them is not suitable.