The Late Middle Ages
• 1330 struggle against the French Crown + fighting the Scots> “Auld Alliance”
• Flanders! (trade)
• Edward III. – 1337 declared war on France (Hundred Years War)
- victories at Crécy 1346 and at Poitiers 1356> French king taken a prisoner
- accountable to Parliament: House of Commons, House of Lords
- justices of the peace
- 1360 – treaty at Brétigny
- 1364 – the king of Scots attacked England – defeated, imprisoned
- symbol of “code of chivalry” – Order of Garten 1348
- 1348 Black death> end of serfdom + yeoman (farmers)
- †1377
• Richard II. – tax payments for every person over the age of 15 (expensive wars) that was enforcer thrice> 4 weeks revolt in East Anglia & Kent leaded by Wat Tyler> Richard’s promise (not fulfilled)
- “Llolardy” (John Wycliffe (translated bible into English))> 1401 executed by Henry IV. by burning
- 1388 imprisoned his uncle John of Gaunt (died in prison)> 1399 Henry duke of Lancaster (John’s son) deposed Richard
- Wales – Ollain Glyndwr – national war
• Henry IV.
• Henry V. – 1415 renewed war with France – defeated French army at Agincourt> treaty of Troyes at 1420 – Henry is heir to the French king
- /+ Katherine of Valois (French king’s daughter)/
- †1422 before French king did
• Henry VI. – only 9 months old – Henry V.’s brother John duke of Bedford enlarged the area under English control> French national feeling (Joan of Arc)
- 1453 the loss of Gascony – end of war (England lost everything except Calais)
- mentally ill
- the war of the roses – Lancastrians vs. Yorkists (1460 duke of York claimed tht throne but died, his son Edward won throne in 1461)
• Edward IV. – Henry was put into the Tower of London – rescued by Lancastrian army> chased Edward out of the country: in 1471 returned to England and finally defeated the Lancastrians
- †1483 – his sons were put in the Tower and murdered by Edward’s brother Richard of Gloucester
• Richard III. – not popular among both Lancastrians and Yorkists> 1485 Henry Tudor met Richard at Bosworth and defeated him (old nobility was destroyed)

The Tudors
• Henry VII. – avoided quarrels with Scotland & France (for business)
- forbade everyone to keep an army
- “Court of Star Chamber” – dealing with lawless nobels
- new nobility
- †1509
• Henry VIII. – powerful France & Spain – waste of money
- disliked Church of England (no control)
- /+1510 Catherine of Aragon/ - asked Pope for divorce (forbidden (Charles V. was the king of Spain, Catherine’s nephew and a Holy Roman Emperor))
- 1534 Act of Supremacy – head of Church of England (divorced Catherine and married Anne Boleyn/> England became Protestant
- Thomas Cromwell as new king’s chief minister after death of Cardinal Wosley – survey of Church’s property> 560 monasteries & other religious houses closed
• Edward VI. – died as 16 years old in 1553
• Mary – catholic
- succeeded in entering London and took control of England before Jane Grey (protestant)
- /+ King Philip of Spain/ - rebellion in Kent (leader Wyatt)> Mary asked for Parliament’s opinion about the marriage (Philip will be king only during Mary’s lifetime)
- burning Protestants
- son James VI.
• Elizabeth I. – 1559 Protestanism was agreed to remain closer to the Catholic religion
- kept Mary of Scots as a prisoner – 1587 Mary’s execution
- 1585 helped the Duth rebelt with money and soldiers to attack Spanish ships> declaration of war on Spain
- Philip decided to conquer England 1587 with Armada – 1587 attacked in Cadiz harbour by Francis Drake
- Armada reached England in 1588 – defeated
- encouraged traders to settle abroad and to create colonies
- †1603

The Stuarts
• James I. – divine rights of king
- quarreling with Parliament
- Sir Edward Coke became the Chief Justice> “king is not above the law” (Magna Carta reminded)
- 1618 Thirty Years War – did not agree to go to war against Catholics
- Guy Fawkes
- Puritans
- †1625
• Charles I. – dissolved Parliament, but as he needed money he recalled it – Petition of Rights 1628 (money raised by Act of Parliament, no one will be imprisoned without lawful reason)
- decided to prevent it being used by dissolving Parliament the following year
- /+ catholic from France/
- Puritans wanted democratic church
- Archbishop Laud (Puritans enemy) – 1637 Scottish national resistance (new prayer book)
- 1638 faced a rebel Scottish army – without the help of Parliament he was not able to put together experienced army> agreed to respect all Scottish freedoms and payed them to return home
- 1641 Irish rebellion> quarrel of who should control an army to defeat rebels> 1642 tried to arrest 5 MPs but was unsuccessful> London refused to let the king in (left for Nottingham)> the start of the Civil War (two groups: Royalists (no money) & Parliamentarians)
- 1645 Naseby – Royalists were defeated – king imprisoned
• Oliver Cromwell – 1649 Charles I. was executed
- defeated Scots and Charles II. (escaped to France)> Scotland was brought under English republican rule
- punishment in Ireland for killing Protestants in 1641
- 1653 Parliaments’s dissolution (disagreement between army and parl.)> “Lord Protector”
- Levellers rebellion (new equality among all) – defeated
- †1658 – his son Richard lead the country – 1660 commanders arranged for free elections> Charles II. Returned to throne
• Charles II. – attracted to the Catholic church
- 1673 Parliament passed Test Act (prevented any Catholic from holding public office)
- first political parties: Whigs (afraid of absolute monarchy & catholics, no army) and Tories (upheld the authority of Crown and the Church)
- †1685
• James II. – disliked Protestants (“killing times”) and tried to bring back the Catholic church
- mental breakdown
- daughter Mary /+ William of Orange/
- Parliament invited William to invade Britain (James’s son was borne)> Glorious Revolution 1688
• William III. & Mary II. – 1689 Bill of Rights (king is unable to raise taxes, keep an army or act against any MP)
- 1690 James’s army defeated at Boyne
- 1701 Act of Settlement (only a Protestant could inherit the crown)
- 1707 Great Britain (England + Scotland)
- war against France – British army won at Blenheim, Raunllies, Dudenarde, Malplaquet> 1713 treaty of Utrecht (Queen Anne accepted as a monarch)
• Anne - †1714