Cuban revolutionary and political leader, premier and president of Cuba, born August 13, 1927 (several sources say 1926), in MayarÍ on his family’s sugar plantation near Biran, Oriente province, Cuba. His father was the owner of a 23,000-acre plantation. As a youth, Castro worked in the family’s sugar cane fields. He attended two Jesuit institutions, the Colegio Lasalle and the Colegio Dolores, both in Santiago. In 1942 he entered the Colegio Belen, a Jesuit preparatory school in Havana, and graduated in 1945. He has a doctorate in law from the University of Havana, 1950. Castro planned to campaign for a parliamentary seat in the election of 1952, but General Fulgencio Batista overthrew the government of then-President Carlos Prio Socarras in a coup d’etat, and canceled the election. When Castro protested that Batista had violated the constitution, the court rejected his claim. Castro launched an attack against the military at Moncada Barracks, Santiago de Cuba, on July 26, 1953, but was arrested and imprisoned until 1955. After his release from prison, he traveled to Mexico, where he organized the 26th of July revolutionary movement. On December 2, 1956 he invaded the north coast of Oriente province, and with his brother Raúl, the revolutionary Che Guevara, and nine other rebels, Castro hid out in the Sierra Maestra Mountains and gathered support for a guerrilla campaign that would ultimately topple Batista in 1959. After Batista fled the country, Castro assumed power and established a Communist dictatorship with close ties to the Soviet Union. Castro established a totalitarian socialist state for Cuba, with nationalized industry and collectivized agriculture. He executed and imprisoned thousands of political opponents after he assumed power. The new Cuba benefited the working class but was a hardship for the middle and upper classes, many of whom fled to the United States. In 1960 Castro confiscated oil refineries, sugar mills, and electric utilities that had belonged to the United States. The U.S. government retaliated by imposing an economic embargo on Cuba and helped in 1961 to engineer an unsuccessful attempt to destabilize the Cuban government and overthrow Castro in what became known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion. U.S./Cuban relations continued deteriorating when in 1962, the U.S. government discovered that the Soviet Union was setting up long-range ballistic missiles on Cuban soil with Castro’s permission. President John F.