James II (1633-1701)

George I (1714-1727)

George II (1727-1760)

George III (1760-1820)

Industrial revolution (1760-1850)

Britain was the workshop of the world.
James Watt built in 1764 his first steam engine.
In 1764 spinning machine was invented and in 1785 a power machine for weaving was invented.
In 1779 John Wilkinson built the first iron bridge in the world over the river Severn.
Robert Fuctam built in 1807 the first steam ship.
George Stevenson built in 1814 first steam locomotive.

Napoleonic wars (1803-1815)
It meant a new struggle between the two traditional rivals, Britain and France. Napoleon’s plan to invade England failed when Admiral Nelson defeated the French at Trafalgar. In 1812 Napoleon was defeated in Russia. The final war was in 1815 in Waterloo when Napoleon was defeated by duke Wellington.

George IV (1820-1830)

William IV (1830-1837)
The cities and towns became overcrowded and unhealthy. In 1832 cholera returned and killed 31000 people.

Victoria ( 1837-1901)
In years 1845,1846,1847 20% of irish populatin died from hunger.

Edward VII

The First World War
The WW I began in 1914. The cause of the war was murder of Ferdinand D’este - successor to the Austrian throne.
During the first two years the Germans invaded Belgium, swept through France, and were turned back by Marshall Foch. The Allies and the Germans then engaged in trench warfare on the west front. The Russian attacked Germany but weren’t very successful. In 1917 the USA entered the war and the Soviet Russia withdrew from the conflict. The Allies led by Marshall Foch won in 1918. The terms of peace were dictated at the Treaty of Paris which was signed on January 25, 1919. In 1938 Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain together with the representatives of France and Italy signed a pact with Hitler in Munich allowing Germany to have the Sudetenland. This did not prevent the Germans from seizing the rest of Bohemia and Moravia (Slovakia became a satellite state) soon afterwards. On September 1, 1939, the Germans invaded Poland and Britain declared war on Germany on September 3.

Casualties
Allies:
Military dead: 5 million
Civilian deaths: 3 million
Total of dead: 8 million Central Powers:
Military dead: 4 million
Civilian deaths: 3 million
Total dead: 7 million
Combatants: Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, others
Central Powers: Germany, Austria – Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire

The World War II
The WW II began in 1939. In 1940 German forces seized Denmark, Norway, Belgium and Holland. Britain was not able to prevent this because of her weak land forces. Italy entered the war on Germany’s side. France capitulated. Winston Churchill became the Prime Minister of Britain. In the Battle of Britain the German Luftwaffe inflicted great damage to London and other cities, but it was defeated by the Royal Air Force. In 1941 Germany conquered Yugoslavia, Greece and Crete and invaded Russia. At the same time when the Germans were defeated in front of Moscow, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and the USA entered the war. In 1944 the Allies landed in Italy and in France (Normandy). In 1945 Germany was defeated by the Allies and Japan capitulated shortly after the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The WW II ended on September 2, 1945. The Postdam Conference declared that Germany, including Berlin, should be divided into 4 zones governed by the British, French, American and Russian authorities. During the decade after the WW II Britain had to recognize the independence of the majority of its colonies. Nevertheless, most remained members of the Commonwealth.

In WW II 303 000 soldiers and 60 000 civilians were killed.

Today Elizabeth II is the Queen of Great Britain.