Chémia Anorganická chémia - Vodík, halogény, vzácne plyny, chalkogény, pentely

VODÍK:horenie2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l), redukovadloPbO+H2=Pb+H2O , 2AgCl+H2=2Ag+2HCl,Ag2S+H2=2Ag+2HCl,lab.prípravaZn(s)+2HCl(aq)= ZnCl2(aq)+H2(g),Zn(s)+2OH-(aq)+ 2H2O(l)=/Zn(OH)4/2-(aq)+H2(g)-po dobne Si,ionové hydridy CaH2(s) + 2H2O(l)=Ca2+(ag)+2OH(aq)+2H2(g),priem.výroba-reformingH4(g)+H2O(g)= (T)CO(g)+2H2(g),vodný plynC(s)+ H2O(g)= (T)CO(g)+H2(g), CO(g) + H2O(g)=CO2(g)+H2(g),vodná para a Fe-3Fe(s)+4H2O(g)=Fe3O4 +4H2 (g) ,dehydrogenácia alkánov- CH3CH3(g) =(K)CH2=CH2(g)+H2(g),elektrolýza vody-2H2O(l)=(e)2H2(g)+O2(g)
HALOGÉNY:príprava2NaCl(aq)+2H2O(l)=(e-)2NaOH(aq)+H2(g) + Cl2(g), podobne Br2 z KBr, I2 z KI,K2Cr2O7 +14HCl=3Cl2+ 2CrCl2+7H2O+2KCl, 2KMnO4+16HCl=5Cl2+2MnCl2+2KCl+8H2O,MnO2+4HCl=Cl2+PbCl2+2H2O,Ca(ClO)2+4HCl=2Cl2+CaCl2+2H2O,Cl2+2KBr=Br2+2KCl,Br2+2KI=I2+KBr,MnO2+2KBr+2H2SO4=Br2+MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2O,chlorácia vodyCl2+H2O = HclO+HCl,molekulovéhalogenidy-hy drolýza-TiCl4+ 2H2O=TiO2+4HCl, SbCl3+H2O=SbCl(O)+2HCl,BCl3+3H2O=B(OH)3+3HCl,PBr3+3H2O=H2(HPO)3+ 3HBr,SiCl4+4H2O=Si(OH)4 + 4HCl,SF6 a CCl4 s H2O nereagujú,
Interhalogenidy2ICl=I++ICl2-,2 BrF3 = BrF2++BrF4-,2IF5=IF4++IF6-XY+2H2O =H3O++Y-+ HXO , príprava halogeni dov2Fe+3Cl2=2FeCl3, S+3F2=SF6 ,Hg +I2 =HgI2,Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2 +H2, Ag2O +2HF=2AgF+H2O,KOH+HCl=KCl+ H2O,CaCO3+2HBr=CaBr2+H2O+CO2,AgNO3+HCl=AgCl+HNO3,CaCl2+2 NaF=CaF2+2NaCl,CrCl3+3HF=CrF3+3HCl,ZrO2+2CaF2+2CaO+ZrF4,SiO2+2C+2Cl2=SiCl4+2CO,2BeO+CCl4=2 BeCl4+CO2,4Lu2O3+3S2Cl2+9Cl2=8 LuCl3+6SO2,reakcie s H2O-HX (aq)+ H2O(l)=H3O+(aq+X-(aq),F-+HF=HF2-, SiO2(s) +4HF (aq)= SiF4(aq)+2H2O(l) =(2Hfaq)H2/SiF6/(aq)+2H2O(l),CaF2(s)+H2SO4(konc)=CaSO4(s)+2HF(g), NaCl(s)+ H2SO4(konc) =NaHSO4 (aq) +HCL (g),na výrobu HBr a HI-nepo užíva sa,PB3(l)+3H2O(l)=H3PO4(aq)+ 3HBr(aq),I2(s)+H2S(aq)=S(s)+2HI(aq),2F2(g)+2OH-(aq)=OF2(g)+2F-(aq )+ H2O(l),Pu(s)+3O2F2(g)=PuF6(g)+3O2 (g),2ClO3-(aq) +SO2(g) = 2ClO2(g) + SO42-(aq),HgO +2Cl2= HgCl2+Cl2O,2 ClO2+2O3=2O2+2Cl2O6,4HclO4+ P4O10=4HPO3+2Cl2O7,2HIO3=(T)H2O+I2O5, prípravaoxokyselín-Cl2+H2O= HclO+HCl,Ba(ClO2)2+H2SO4= BaSO4 + 2HClO2,Ba(ClO3)2+H2SO4= BaSO4+ 2HClO3,KclO4 +H2SO4=KHSO4+ HClO4,Br2+5HclO+H2O =2HBrO3+5 HCl,Ba(BrO3)2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2HBrO3+3I2+10HNO3=6HIO3+10NO+2H2O,I2+5Cl2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl,Ba5(IO6)2+5H2SO4=5BaSO4+2H5IO6,H5IO6=(T)HIO4+2H2O,2H5IO6=(T)H4I2O9+3H2O,príprava solí oxokyselín halogénov 2 Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=Ca(ClO)2+CaCl2+2H2O,Cl2+2NaOH=(nas.zastudena)NaClO+NaCl+H2O,3NaClO=(T)NaClO3+2 NaCl,2CO2+2NaOH=NaClO2+NaClO3+H2O,3NaClO2=(T)2NaClO3+NaCl,3 Cl2+6NaOH=(nas.zahorúca)NaClO3+5NaCl+3H2O,2KclO3=(T)2KCl+3O2,4KClO3=(T)3KclO4+KCl,2KbrO3=(T)2 KBr+3O2,2Mg(BrO3)2=(T)2MgO+2Br2+5O2,5Ba(IO3)2=(T)Ba5(IO6)2+4I2+9O2,KclO4=(T,žihanie)KCl+2O2,NaBrO3+F2+2NaOH=NaBrO4+2NaF+H2O, NaIO3+NaClO=NaIO4+NaCl,Ca(OH)2+Cl2=Ca(ClO)2+H2VZÁCNE PLYNY: Xe(g)+F2(g)=(400C,1000kPa)XeF2(g),Xe(g)+2F2(g)=(600C,6000kPa) XeF4 (g)1:5,Xe(g)+3F2(g)=(300C,6000,kPa)XeF6(g)-1:20,fluoridy-oxidovadlá 2XeF2(s)+2H2O(l)=2Xe(g)+4HF(g)+O2(g),XeF4(s)+Pt(s)=Xe(g)+PtF4(s),+Lew.kys. XeF2(s)+ SbF5(l)=/XeF//SbF6/(s), príprava oxidov oxokyselín XeF6(s)+3 H2O(l)=XeO3(aq)+6HF(aq),2XeF6(s)+3SiO2(s)=2XeO3(s)+3SiF4(g),2HxeO4-+2OH=XeO64+Xe+O2+2H2O,Ba2XeO6+2H2SO4=XeO4+2BaSO4+2H2O,XeO3+CaOH=CsHXeO4,XeO3+KF= KXeO3F,16.Skupina-O,S,Se,Te,Po- CHALKOGÉNY: O2-oxidovadlo-O2+ 4H++4e-=2H2O ,O2+2H2O+4e-=4OH-, lab.príprava-2KCLO3=(T)2KCl+3O2 , 2HgO=(T)2Hg+O2,2KNO3=(T)2KNO2+O2,2KmnO4+5H2O2+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5O2+8H2O,4CrO3+6H2SO4=2Cr2(SO4)3+3O2+6H2O,výroba O3-3O2 =(hv)2O3,molekulové oxidy(+H2O) CO2(g)+H2O(l)=H2CO3(aq),P4O10+6H2O=4H3PO4 ,SO3+H2O=H2SO4,CO a N2O s H2Onereagujú,2HNO3=(-H2O) N2O5,2HmnO4=(-H2O) Mn2O7 ,iónové oxidy-(+H2O)-O2-+H2O=2OH–-prípra va-Ca(OH)2=(T)CaO +H2O,oxidy sper. atóm.štr.-SiO3 a WO3+H2O nereagujú, WO3+OH-=WO42-+H+,SiO2+OH-= SiO32-+H+,ZnO,PbO,Al2O3s H2O nerea gujú,ZnO(s)+2H3O+(aq)=Zn2+(aq)+3H2O(l),ZnO(s)+2OH-(aq) +H2O(l)= /Zn(OH)4/2-(aq),príprava oxidov synté zou z prvkou, C+ H2O =CO+H2,3Fe+ 4H2O =Fe3O4+4H2,CaCO3 =(T)CaO+ CO2,Cu(OH)2=(T)CuO+H2O,2Pb(NO3)2=(T)2PbO+4NO2+O2,oxoióny-2HSO4-=(-H2O) S2O72-,voda-autoprotolýza-2H2O(l) =H3O+(aq)+OH-(aq),2H2O (g) =2H2 (g)+O2(g),tvorbavodnéhoplynu C(s)+H2O(g)=(T)CO(g)+H2(g), akva komplexy/Zn(H2O)4/2++4NH3=/Zn(NH3)4/2++4H2O,peroxid vodíka -H2O2(l)= H2O+1/2O2,(+H2O)-H2O2(aq)+H2O(l) =H3O+(aq)+HO2-(aq),O22-+2H2O=2OH-+H2O2,ox.účinky-H2O2+2H++2e-=2 H2O, HO2-+H2O+2e-=3OH-,red.účinky-O2+2H++2e-=H2O2,O2+H2O+2e-=HO2-+OH-,redukovadlo-Ag2O=(H2O2)+Ag, ClO-=(H2O2)Cl-,Ce4+=(H2O2)Ce3+, MnO4-=(H2O2)Mn2+,BaO2(s) +H2SO4 (aq)=BaSO4(s)+H2O2,priem.výroba-antrachinónový postup-

Iónové sulfidy-(+H2O)-S2-(aq)+H2O(l) =HS-(aq)+OH-(aq),hydrolýza-HS-(aq) +H2O(l)=H2O(aq)+OH-(ag),výroba SO2-praženie pyritu-4FeS2+11O2= 2Fe2O3+8SO2,praženie ZnS-2ZnS +3O2=2ZnO+2SO2,praženie Ag2S-Ag2S+O2=2Ag+SO2,redukcia uhlíkom-CaSO4(s)+4C=(T) CaS(s) + 4 CO(g), polysulfidy-Na2Sn(aq)+2HCl (aq)=2 NaCl (aq)+H2S(g)+(n-1)S(s),sulfán-príprava-H2(g)+S(g)=H2S (g) ,lab. príprava-FeS+2HCl=H2S+ FeCl2, 2Ag +H2S=Ag2S+H2,H2S(aq)+H2O(l)=H3O+(aq)+HS-(aq),HS-(aq)+H2O(l)=H3O+ (aq) +S2-(aq) ,SF4(g)+H2O(l)= OSF2 (aq)+2HF(aq)=(H2O)SO2(aq)+4HF(aq),2S(l)+Cl2(g)=S2Cl2(l),S2Cl2(l)+Cl2(g)=2SCl2(l)2SO2(l)=SO2+(solv)+SO32-(solv),SO2(g)+H2O(l)=H2SO3(aq),lab.

výroba SO2-Cu+H2SO4(konc)= CuO +SO2+H2O,S+2H2SO4=3SO2+2H2O,Na2SO3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+SO2+H2O,výroba SO3-2SO2(g)+O2(g)=2SO3(g), lab.prí prava SO3-Fe2(SO4)3=(T)Fe2O3+3SO3, SO3(g)+H2O(l)=H2SO4(l),HSO3-(aq)+ H2O(l)=SO32-(aq)+H3O-(aq), NaOH(aq) +SO2(g)=NaHSO3(aq),CaCO3(s)+2SO2(g)+H2O(l)=Ca(HSO3)2+CO2,2KHSO3=(T)K2S2O5+H2O,NaHSO3+NaOH=Na2SO3+H2O,4K2SO3=(T)3K2SO4+K2S,MgSO3=(T)MgO+SO2,kys.sírová-auto protolýza-2H2SO4(l)=H3SO4+ (solv) + HSO4-(solv),2H2SO4=H2O+H2S2O7, (+H2O)-H2SO4+H2O=H3O++HSO4-,H2SO4+H2S2O7=H3SO4++HS2O7,oleum(1:3)-SO3+H2SO4=H2S2O7,oxidácia-Cu+H2SO4(konc)=CuO+SO2+H2O,Hg+2H2SO4=(T)HgSO4+SO2+2H2O,2Hg (nadbytok)+2H2SO4(konc)=(T)Hg2SO4+SO2+2H2O,Zn+2H2SO4(konc)=ZnSO4+SO2+2H2O,Zn+H2SO4(zriedená)= ZnSO4+H2,(B=H3BO3,C=CO2,H2S=S,HI=I2,HBr=Br2-H2SO4konc.),nitrózová výroba-O2+2NO=2NO2,NO2+SO2 + H2O=H2SO4+NO,kontaktná výroba-heterogénna katalýza-V2O5+SO2= 2VO +SO3 ,O2+ 4 VO2=2V2O5, SO3+H2O= H2SO4,H2SO4,H2SO4+KOH=KHSO4+H2O,H2SO4+Na2SO4=2NaHSO4,H2SO4+NaCl=NaHSO4+HCl,HSO4-(aq) +H2O (l)=SO42-(aq)+H3O+(aq),2NaHSO4= (T) Na2S2O7+H2O,2HSO4-=(e-) H2S2O7, H2S2O8 +2H2O=H2O2+2H2SO4,2HS-+4 HSO3-=3S2O32-+3H2O,SO3-+S=S2O32-, 2Na2S2O3+AgX= Na3/Ag(S2O3)2/ + NaX, -v nadbytku S2O32- vzniká Na5/Ag(S2O3)3/,likvidácia chlóru-anti chlór-Na2S2O3+4Cl2+5H2O = 2 NaHSO4 +8HCl,Na2S2O3+NaOH +Cl2 =Na2SO4+NaCl+H2O,Anal.činidlo v jo do metrii-2Na2S2O3+I2=Na2S4O6+2 NaI,PCl3+SO2=SOCl2+POCl3,SO3+Scl2=SOCl3+SO2,SO2+Cl2=SO2Cl2,SO3+ HCl=HSO3Cl,H2SO4+PCl5=HSO3Cl+ POCl3+HCl,2HSO3Cl=(T)SO2Cl2+H2SO4,prípravaSe a Te-2Na+Se=(T) Na2Se,Ca+Te=(T)CaTe,hydridy-Al2S3+ 6H2O=3H2Se+2Al(OH)3,FeTe+2HCl=H2Te+FeCl2,halogenidy-SeO2+2BrF3 =SeF6+Br2+O2,TeF6+6H2O=H6TeO6+6HF,oxidy-SeO3=SeO3=SeO2+1/2O2, H2SeO4=(P4O10,-H2O)SeO3,H6TeO6= (T)TeO3+ 3H2O ,H2MO3=(T)MO2+ H2O-M=Se a Te,SeO2+2SO2+2H2O = Se+2H2SO4,SeO2+4HI=Se+2I2+2H2O,SeO2+SeX4=(T)2SeOX2,2SeOCl2=SeOCl++SeOCl3-,oxokyseliny-SeO42-+4H++ 2e-=H2SeO3+H2O,H6TeO6+2H++2e-= TeO2+4H2O,2Au+6H2SeO4=Au2(SeO4)3+3H2SeO3+3H2O,H2SeO3+H2O2=H2SeO4+H2O,8H2SeO3+2KMnO4=5H2SeO4+K2SeO3+2MnSeO3+3H2O,Se+3Cl2+4H2O=H2SeO4+6HCl,5Te+6HClO3+12H2O=5H6TeO6+3Cl2,5TeO2+2KMnO4+6HNO3+12H2O=5H6TeO6+2KNO3+2Mn(NO3)2,BaSeO4+H2SO4=H2SeO4+ BaSO4,Ag6TeO6+6HCl=H2TeO6+6 AgCl,TeO2+H2O=H2TeO3,SeO2+H2O=H2SeO3,PoO(OH)2+2KOH=K2PoO3+2H2O,15.Skupina-N,P,As,Sb,Bi-Pente ly-lab.príprava-NH4NO2=(T)N2+2H2O, 2NaN3=(T)3N2+2Na,priama syntéza-N2+O2=(T)2NO,Serpakovov proces-Al2O3+3C+N2=(2100K)2AlN+3CO,6Li+N2=2Li3N,P4-výroba-P4-2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2+10C=(T)P4+6CaSiO3+10CO,molekulové nitridy-4NH3(l)+10S(s)=S4N4 + 6H2S,16NH3(g)+6S2Cl2(solv)=2 S4N2,ionové nitridy-3Ba(NH2)2=(T) Ba3N2+4NH3,3CaNH=(T)Ca3N2+NH3,Mg3N2+6H2O=2NH3+3Mg(OH)2,2Al+2NH3=2AlN+3H2,3Cu2O+2NH3=2 Cu3N+3H2O,CrCl3+NH3=CrN+3HCl, BiI3+3KNH2=BiN+3KI+2NH3,SbCl3+4NH3(l)=SbN+3NH4++3Cl-,Amoniak-plynný(g)-4NH3+3O2=N2+6H2O,4NH3+5O2=(K)4NO+6H2O,2NH3(g)+3CuO(s)=3Cu(s)+3H2O(g)+N2(g),2NH3(g)+3Cl2(g)=6 HCl(g)+N2(g),NH3(g)+HCl(g)=NH4Cl(g),Na(s)+NH3(g)=NaNH2(st)+1/2H2(g),-kvapalný(l)-autoprotolýza-2NH3(l)= NH4+ +NH2-,CH3COOH(l)+NH3 (l)= NH4++(solv)+CH3COO-(solv),HCN(g) +NH3(l)=NH4+(solv)+CN-(solv), amo nolýza=hydrolýza-HgCl2(s)+2NH3 (l) =HgClNH2(solv)+NH4+(solv)+Cl-(solv),SbCl3(s)+4NH3(l)=SbN(solv)+3NH4+(solv)+3Cl-(solv),-vodný roztok (aq) -NH3(aq)+H2O(l)=NH4+(aq)+OH-(aq),NH3(aq)+HX(aq)=NH4(aq)+X-(aq),lab.príprava-NH4Cl(aq)+NaOH (aq)=NH3(g)+NaCl(aq)+H2O(l),AlN(s)+3H2O(l)=NH3(g)+Al(OH)3(s),CaCN2(s)+3H2O(g)=2NH3(g)+CaCO3(s),priem.výroba-Haberova-Boschova syntéza-N2+3H2=2NH3,amónne soli-NH4+ (aq) +H2O(l)=NH3(aq)+H3O+(aq),NH4Cl(s)=(T)NH3(g)+HCl(g),NH4NO3(s)=(T)N2O(g)+2H2O,(NH4)2SO4(s)=(T)NH3(g)+NH4HSO4(s),(NH4)2CO3=(T)NH3(g)+NH4HCO3(s),NH4HCO3(s)=NH3(g)+CO2(g)+H2O(g),(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)=N2(g)+Cr2O3(s)+4H2O(g),výroba močoviny-NH4NCO(s)=(T) (NH2)2Co(s),Amidy-NH2--NH2-(aq)+H2O(l)=NH3(aq)+OH-(aq),Na(s)+NH3(g)=NaNH2(s)+1/2H2(g),Ca(s)+2NH3(l)=(FeCl2)Ca(NH2)2+KNO3(solv),Imidy-NH2-2LiNH2(s)=Li2NH (s) + NH3 (g),Ca(NH2)2(s)= CaNH (s)+ NH3(g),PbI2(solv)+2KNH2(solv)=PbNH(s)+2KI(solv)+NH3(l),Hydrazín-N2H4.

Zdroje:

Anorganická chémia II. - FCHPT, STU -