The city began to grow in the 13th century with the establishment of German communities by Wenceslas I, king of Bohemia. The German colonists developed the city rapidly, building Old Town as a trading centre in 1232 and, expanding to the southeast, starting New Town a century later. Prague prospered as the capital of the powerful province of Bohemia and during the 14th century became the largest European city after Paris. In 1442 it was conquered by the Hussites yet continued to grow in wealth and power. It was severely damaged during several wars, notably in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). In 1744 the city surrendered to Frederick II, King of Prussia, who, during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), defeated the Austrian forces at Prague. In 1848, Prague was bombarded by Austrian troops used to quell a Czech revolution, and in 1866 the city surrendered to Prussian forces during the Seven Weeks' War. Upon the establishment of the republic of Czechoslovakia in 1918, Prague became its capital. During World War II (1939-1945) the city was occupied by German forces from March 1939 until May 1945 but escaped major damage. The city was again the scene of turmoil when, in August 1968, Soviet troops invaded Prague and massive demonstrations ensued (See also CZECHOSLOVAKIA: THE PRAGUE SPRING). Prague also was the site of massive non-violent demonstrations that led to the downfall of Czechoslovakia's Communist regime in 1989. When the country divided into two republics on January 1, 1993, the city became capital of the independent Czech Republic. Population (1990 estimate) 1,215,076.